When does heart disease begin (and what this tells us about prevention)? More on that momentarily. Before I get into this post I want to lay a few things out. Get the latest health news, diet & fitness information, medical research, health care trends and health issues that affect you and your family on ABCNews.com. This post is written mostly for doctors, but also for patients who really want to understand this topic, if for no other reason than to help them choose the right doctors. I don’t go out of my way to simplify the terminology and I assume the reader is familiar with the topics covered in the cholesterol series I wrote three or four years ago. If you encounter a term you don’t understand, Google is a pretty good place to find the definition. I will not use this post to in any way get into prescriptive strategies, which involve modifications of nutrition, hormones, and yes, lots of drugs across four or five classes (i. Even if I wanted to write out all of my prescriptive leanings I could not do it briefly. Please do not email your lab results or ask me to weigh in on your case. You know the disclaimer: I can’t practice medicine on a blog or over email. There was a day when the only thing I argued about was who the greatest boxer of all time was. ![]() If you’ve ever needed to upload an image or two, or deal with a scanned document, you know about all the headaches that come with conversion, and how finicky sites. Comments to this website are moderated by our editorial board. For approval, comments need to be relevant to the article and free of profanities and personal attacks. 1 The Greater East Asian War: How Japan Changed The World By Kase Hideaki Society for the Dissemination of Historical Facts © 2 Chapter 1 – Up to the Day Japan. BibMe Free Bibliography & Citation Maker - MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard. 25 tips for backpacking around South East Asia, from tuk-tuks to temples, buckets to banana pancakes and everything in between. We provide excellent essay writing service 24/7. Enjoy proficient essay writing and custom writing services provided by professional academic writers. Joe Louis vs. 1. 94. Sugar Ray Robinson vs. Henry Armstrong.)Today, however, I find myself arguing about so many things—some of them actually important—from why symptomatic women should receive hormone replacement therapy after menopause (and, by extension, why the Women’s Health Initiative tells us so, if you know how to read it) to why monotherapy with T4 for hypothyroidism is a recipe for disaster for most patients. But there is nothing I find myself debating more than the misconceptions most doctors have about heart disease. This is especially troubling since heart disease kills more Americans than any other disease. The English version offers selected articles from.To put this in perspective, a woman in the United States is 7 to 8 times more likely to die from heart disease than she is from breast cancer. Here are the typical arguments put forth, almost always by doctors, which invariably result in my need/desire to counter: Heart disease is caused by too much “bad” cholesterol (LDL- C). LDL- C is the only target of therapy you need to worry about. ![]() Calcium scores and CT angiograms (CTA) are great ways to further risk- stratify (the corollary: when these tests are negative, there is no need to treat the patient). Atherosclerosis is a “pipe narrowing” disease (ok, nobody uses these words, but they imply this by saying it’s a luminal narrowing disease). There is no role for preventatively treating young people, except in very rare cases like familial hypercholesterolemia. Briefly, here are my counters: Atherosclerosis is caused by an inflammatory response to sterols in artery walls. Sterol delivery is lipoprotein- mediated, and therefore much better predicted by the number of lipoprotein particles (LDL- P) than by the cholesterol they carry (LDL- C) . And don’t ever bring up LDL- C again. Calcium scores and CT angiograms of exceptional quality (the operative word being exceptional—most are not) are helpful in a few settings, but this assertion is patently false, and I will leave this discussion for another blog post as the topic is too rich in nuance for a few lines. We’ll discuss this today. By necessity, we’ll be forced to confront this today, also. Before diving into this topic it’s really important for me to acknowledge the person who has taught me almost everything I know about this disease, beginning back in 2. ![]() I first became aware that I basically had no idea what atherosclerosis was. For the past 5 years Dr. Tom Dayspring’s generosity has been remarkable and I’m humbled to be his most sponge- like student. Tom has not only given me an on- the- side lipidology fellowship, but he has also introduced me to the finest lipidologists and cardiologists in the country who have, in turn, been incredibly generous with their time and knowledge. I’m not the only one to benefit from Tom’s wisdom and generosity. I had dinner with Tom’s son and his wife once and I described Tom to them as a national treasure. That’s really how I feel about him. He is a nationally- recognized educator and his writing and presentations are devoured by fanatics like me across the globe. With Tom’s permission, I’ve deconstructed a video he put together into a series of figures which I’ll use to begin this discussion of how atherosclerosis actually takes place. The physics of luminal narrowing. Traditionally, the atherosclerotic process was believed to involve plaque accumulation that prompted the gradual narrowing of the lumen, with the eventual development of stenosis. Stenosis then caused impaired control of flow (stable angina) and plaque rupture and thrombosis (unstable angina and MI). Consequently, prevailing opinion held that coronary angiography would be able to gauge the atherosclerotic process at all stages of disease. However, in 1. 98. Glagov and colleagues proposed an alternative model of atherosclerosis development. After performing histological analyses of coronary artery sections, Glagov et al. At this point, the lumen area began to narrow. These findings have since been confirmed by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Due to the complex remodeling that occurs in the earlier stages of atherosclerosis, coronary angiography, which only visualizes the lumen, tends to underestimate the degree of atherosclerosis. In other words, atherosclerosis is well under way long before angiography is able to identify it. I was reminded of the words of my Pathology professor back in the first year of medical school, “The only doctors who actually understand atherosclerosis are pathologists.” I would add lipidologists to that list, but I saw his point. Most people, doctors included, think atherosclerosis is a luminal- narrowing condition—a so- called “pipe narrowing” condition. It’s true that eventually the lumen of a diseased vessel does narrow, but this is sort of like saying the defining feature of a subprime collateralized debt obligation (CDO) is the inevitable default on its underlying assets. By the time that happens, eleven other pathologic things have already happened and you’ve missed the opportunity for the most impactful intervention to prevent the cascade of events from occurring at all. To reiterate: atherosclerosis development begins with plaque accumulation in the vessel wall, which is accompanied by expansion of the outer vessel wall without a change in the size of the lumen. Only in advanced disease, and after significant plaque accumulation, does the lumen narrow. Michael Rothberg wrote a fantastic article on the misconception of the “clogged pipe” model of atherosclerosis. He opens with the following story: A recent advertisement on the back cover of a special health issue of the New York Times Magazine section read “Ironic that a plumber came to us to help him remove a clog.” The ad referred to doctors in the cardiac catheterization laboratory as “one kind of pipe specialist,” and noted that the patient in the ad returned to work “just 2 days after having his own pipes cleaned out.” Although the image of coronary arteries as kitchen pipes clogged with fat is simple, familiar, and evocative, it is also wrong . Rothberg goes on to explain that for patients with stable disease, local interventions can only relieve symptoms; they do not prevent future myocardial infarctions. To be clear, at least 1. And yet, despite this overwhelming evidence, the plumbing model, complete with blockages that can be fixed, continues to be used to explain stable coronary disease to patients, who understandably assume that angioplasty or stents will prevent heart attacks—which they patently do not. The root of the problem, in my view at least, is that we as doctors—and by extension, our patients and media—spend too much time looking at images like these (angiograms of coronary arteries complete with “clogged pipes”): And not enough time looking at images like these (the histological, i. But who can blame us, I mean, angiograms are cool! But, alas, it’s time to get serious about understanding this disease if we want to prevent/delay it. Atherosclerosis, for the cognoscenti. Ok, so now let’s get rigorous about the disease that kills more Americans than any other disease. To understand this, as Frederic Bastiat wrote long ago, we must resort to “long and arid dissertations.” Buckle up. The following figures were constructed from a video Tom Dayspring produced in one of his stellar lectures on the development of atherosclerosis. I’ve broken the video down into 2. Each figure is preceded by a brief explanation of its content. The endothelium is a protective one cell layer lining the surface of the artery lumen. Endothelial cells perform many complex functions and are capable of modulating vascular tone, as well as inflammatory and thrombotic processes. Their function depends on many circulating and local factors. Low density lipoprotein (“LDL”) is a lipid (the bulk of which is cholesterol) transport particle. Please re- read this sentence. It is not “bad cholesterol,” a term that has no meaning. LDL—the particle—allows lipids (cholesterol, but also triglyceride, phospholipid) to be delivered through the aqueous medium of the blood, since lipids are hydrophobic (i. If LDL particles are present in physiologic (i. The term LDL particle, LDL- P, and apo. B are used interchangeably (the latter, because LDL particles are defined by the wrapping of a lipoprotein called apolipoprotein B- 1. When LDL particle concentration is elevated, the lipoprotein penetrates into the subendothelial space. Once in the intimal layer, they are securely attached to intimal proteoglycan molecules. The first step in atherogenesis is surface phospholipid (PL) exposure to reactive oxygen species and oxidation of the PL. LDL particles that are not oxidized are not atherogenic. It is worth pausing here for a moment. This step is kind of the turning point in the story. It’s also a perfectly “normal” thing for the epithelium to do.
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Cardiovascular activities, like walking and riding a bike, are. Burn The Fat. The best way to slim down in the middle is to do plenty of cardiovascular exercise. Some good examples of this are: Walking; Jogging. Your body uses different types of fat to perform different metabolic functions. But not all of these functions are healthy. The two basic types of fat are. Does Walking or Riding a Bike Burn More Fat? Incorporating physical activity into your regimen significantly increases fat loss. Cardiovascular activities, like walking and riding a bike, are especially effective at burning a relatively large number of calories. It's important to develop a regular routine - - the more consistent you are, the more fat you will burn. Losing stored body fat requires that you burn a greater number of calories than you consume. When you do so, your body must break down the fat you have stored to use as fuel. Every 3,5. 00 caloric deficit you create equates to about a pound of fat loss. Any workout you complete increases the total calories you burn and thus contributes to fat- burning. Therefore, the exercise activities that burn more fat are the ones that burn a greater number of calories. The number of calories you burn with exercise depends on a few factors, including how fast you walk and your current body weight. According to Mayo. Clinic. com, a 1. More intense bike rides will cause you to burn a greater number of calories. The American Council on Exercise states that a 1. However, whether you bike or walk, it’s important to keep in mind the impact that your nutritional habits have on your fat- burning success. You can quickly cancel out the calories you burned during your workouts by consuming or eating high calorie drinks and foods throughout the day. Your workouts will not be effective at burning fat unless you create a caloric deficit. ![]() Does Cardio Burn Muscle? Its a well known fact that doing cardio everyday is the most important thing you can do for your health but lets assume you don’t care. How to Burn More Fat: Secrets of Exercise Physiology. We all want to burn more fat for weight loss, body shaping, health or athletic performance. Trim that butt, lose that cellulite, smooth those love handles, bust that belly; it's all part of the trim and slim exercise and diet activity many of us indulge in. How does fat burning work and how can you get the best out of your exercise program? Does lifting weights and building muscle burn fat better? ![]() ![]() Let's look at the latest theories and then enjoy two weights circuit programs I developed to help you burn fat and lose weight - - one for beginners and one for fitter trainers. The Basics of Fat Burning. Energy in, energy out. The body normally burns a mix of carbohydrate, as glucose, and fat for fuel. ![]() How much of either depends on your physical activity and if, or what you have eaten recently. When you use more energy than you take in from food and drink, the body burns stored fat and carbohydrates, and then even protein, to fuel your everyday activities even if you are not exercising. That's what happens when people starve of course; the body starts to eat itself. Depending on your family history - - your genetics - - and the way you eat and exercise to create this energy deficit, your body may decide to get conservative and drop your metabolic rate to try to hold onto body weight. Some of us seem to have inherited this tendency more than others, the origins of which may be in the early periods of human evolution where 'feast or famine' was more or less the norm. Glucose, fat, and protein. Even so, starvation always works eventually and the body starts to break down its own tissue for fuel. Stored carbohydrate called glycogen is quickly used up, then goes the fat stored under the skin and around the internal organs. Protein in muscle is then broken down to create glucose to keep the brain working and you conscious. Fat and glucose are the body's two main energy sources. Fat you know well, glucose comes mainly from carbohydrate foods like rice and bread and potatoes and protein is supplied mainly by meat and beans and dairy products. The amino acid building blocks of protein foods can be converted to glucose in emergencies. Your body always burns a mix of fat and glucose except at very high intensities, and the ratio of the fat and glucose in 'the burn' varies with intensity and time of exercise. Fat burning zone. You may have noticed that some bikes and treadmills at the gym have a setting that says 'fat burning zone'. The reason for this is that the body burns a greater percentage of fat at a slow pace (or after about 9. ![]() The fat burning zone, a low- intensity speed zone is mainly a gimmick, and here is the reason. Even though you burn more fat going slowly, you still burn some fat at much faster speeds or intensity. It all boils down to how much energy you expend in totality. For example, if you compare exercising at a slow rate that burns 6. A typical example. Exercise (1) is the slower 6. Walking on a treadmill for 3. Running on a treadmill for 3. ![]() You can see from this example that the bottom line really is how much energy you expend - - and that is the ultimate fat burning measure. The theoretical fat burning zone is mostly a convenient myth. Does Weight Training Burn Fat Better? Muscle burns more fat. Weight training is increasingly recommended as a fat- busting tool because some experts say extra muscle burns more energy than body fat at rest, so if you develop more muscle and have a higher muscle to fat ratio than before, you must burn extra energy and more stored fat as a result. This is true and has been shown in metabolic studies. However, the differences are not that dramatic; perhaps less than a few tens of calories per day for each pound of muscle increased, for most people. Does that mean you shouldn't worry about weight training? Certainly not, because weight training has many other benefits for health and performance, not the least of which is extra muscle. Okay, so extra muscle does not provide that much advantage, but what about the afterburn? The 'afterburn', or the amount of energy you use after you stop exercising, has been promoted as an important slimming idea. Cardiovascular exercise: There is a myth that in order to burn fat, one must train at low intensity. For maximum weight loss you generally need to complete. If you can get afterburn, which is really another way of saying your metabolism increases for several hours or longer after a particular exercise, then that's a bonus because you burn fat during the exercise and after you cease as well. Will the fun ever stop! However, this idea has recently been reconsidered as well. An article in the Journal of Sports Science reported that despite some promising early studies of this effect, the idea has not proven to be as useful as first thought. Exercise scientists call this afterburn effect EPOC, which stands for Excess Post- exercise Oxygen Consumption. The authors of that study say that the high intensities required - - greater than about 7. So the afterburn advantage from lifting weights or running fast is there, but you need to be able to sustain that intensity, which means a lot of hard work. No secrets there, I'm sure. We also need to consider how fuel is used preferentially according to how your body stores are maintained. After you do a vigorous or long workout, your blood and muscle glucose will be much lower than before you started. ![]() Does Exercise Really Make You Healthier? We examine five claims about the benefits of weight lifting and aerobics to see which carry the most.weight.![]() ![]() ![]() Low glucose stores signal the body to burn fat preferentially. So after hard exercise that uses a lot of glucose, the body switches to burning fat. That's why all energy expenditure is important, not just fat burning during exercise. Strength training has so many great things going for it that I'm a big fan - - increased strength, more muscle and body shape, better balance and bone density and improved functionality across all facets of human movement. But let’s be honest, we all need aerobic or cardio training as well. It has its own set of important functional benefits including general fitness, elastic arteries, increased heart and lung function and lower blood pressure to name a few benefits. Lifting weights can easily move us into the high- intensity exercise zone above the 7. This is not consistent, steady- state effort and does not generally burn as much energy as a good run on the treadmill, cycle or row machine at moderate pace. For example, here are the energy expenditure calculations for weights versus cardio for one hour of exercise, based this on a 1. Running at 8 minutes a mile pace (5 min/km) - - burn 8. Weight lifting, vigorous, free weights or machines - - burn 4. I’ve tried to line these activities up for effort so that the comparison is worthwhile. Whenever I check these numbers it astounds me because I run and I lift weights, and sometimes I feel much fresher after a run than going for it in the gym with sub- 1. RM (repetition maximum) and three sets of ten exercises. Nevertheless, the numbers always come out the same with any reputable energy calculator. Sustained aerobics always spends about twice the energy of weight training in a comparable comparison. You can see from this why cardio sessions are important for fat loss. Should I Exercise Before Breakfast to Burn More Fat? The answer is not necessarily because even though you will burn more fat on an empty stomach, ultimately this will probably make little difference because your energy intake and expenditure and metabolism balances out, more or less, over the 2. What really matters is your total energy intake and expenditure, that is, how much you eat and how much you exercise and move in general. However, stay tuned on this because until this is examined further scientifically, how much meal timing manipulation could help with fat loss is not certain. One thing that seems clear is that people who eat breakfast maintain weight better and lose fat quicker, so don’t skip breakfast. The Best Strategy for Fat Loss. So where are we at with our fat burning project? Here is a summary. Increase muscle with weight training. Extra muscle helps to burn more energy at rest, even if only a little. This is called the resting metabolic rate of muscle or RMR. Extra muscle will also burn more fat in active phase, the active metabolic rate if you like, or the AMR, so having more muscle will definitely help burn more energy and fat. Lift heavier weights. What I suggest is that the weights workout should be vigorous, with the number of repetitions kept at the low to medium end of the scale between 8 and 1. RM. To remind you, the RM is the repetition maximum, which means the most weight you can lift for this number of reps before fatigue. The 8- 1. 2 is within a range that should provide strength and bigger muscle growth, which is called hypertrophy. If you go higher than this, say 1. At that number of repetitions, you won’t build much muscle either, so very high- repetition training with weights has minimum value in my view. Do aerobic exercise. Considering how much energy you would use in an hour of either type of exercise, weights or cardio, you must do some consistent aerobic or cardio work to burn fat. Try high- intensity cardio. High- intensity exercise, even if only in short bursts, may rev up the metabolism and get that fat mobilized in the post- exercise period. Do some high intensity as well, but don’t overdo it, because burning the fat is a long- term project and you don’t want to get . In fact, I highly recommend group cycle spin classes where you are encouraged to go fast, yet with the option to slow down if you need to. Weights and Cardio Circuit Training Programs to Burn Fat. Combining weights and cardio in a circuit interval session is also an excellent approach to fat burning. The weights circuits are based on the idea of mixing high and low- intensity weights and cardio in a circuit. This idea is not new, but what I've designed uses basic equipment and is easy to follow. Sources. Owen O. Resting metabolic requirements of men and women. Mayo Clin Proc 1. La. Forgia J, Withers RT, Gore CJ. Effects of exercise intensity and duration on the excess post- exercise oxygen consumption. Dec; 2. 4(1. 2): 1. Home > Recipes > slimming world soup. SLIM VEGGIE DIET SOUP. Combine all ingredient and simmer. 16 BEAN SOUP. BLENDER CAESAR SALAD. Leek and cannellini bean soup. Curried Cauliflower Soup Slimming Eats - Slimming World Recipes. It's not a diet - it's a healthy. Five-bean jacket; Corn on the cob; view day 3. Slimming World's 7-day menu will show you how vitally important Free Foods. Southwestern black bean soup, from Slimming Eats. Southwestern Black Bean Soup - grain free, slimming world or weight watchers friendly. 5-2 diet, 5-2 recipes. This hearty and easy bean chili. Slimming World Metabolism Boosting Chilli & Tomato Soup Slimming world / healthy eating / diet. Speedy slimming world soup. Weightloss . Your Tomato Soup looks like the perfect winter. Weightloss Very Low calorie Soups. So my diet will not be. The Fast books are available throughout the world and in many. Losing weight with Slimming World; healthy eating; getting active;. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Slimming World Five Bean Soup![]() The 3. 6 best images about Soup on Pinterest. Refer to the only super speed slimming world soup. Soup Recipe. Ingredients. 1 tin mixed bean salad. Slimming World Friendly Bean Stew. This started as a Barbecue style bean stew, using diet coke. As promised its another Slimming World recipe and another first. Weight loss supplement - conjugated linoleic acid. January 3. 0, 2. 00. ![]() ![]() Researchers studied how mice and rats responded to the supplement conjugated linoleic acid, an essential amino acid found in trace amounts primarily in beef, lamb and milk. Synthetic forms of conjugated linoleic acid are marketed as supplements that help reduce body fat, and some manufacturers also tout conjugated linoleic acid for reducing the risk of diabetes and certain types of cancer. The mice and rats responded in very different ways to conjugated linoleic acid, said Martha Belury, the lead author of both studies and an associate professor of human nutrition at Ohio State University. Mice fed a conjugated linoleic acid- supplemented diet lost weight very fast, but also accumulated excessive amounts of fat in their livers – a common side effect of rapid weight loss. ![]() Excessive fat accumulation in the liver is linked to insulin resistance, a hallmark of Type 2 diabetes. Yet conjugated linoleic acid didn't help rats lose weight they had gained prior to taking the supplement. But it effectively decreased the amount of fat that had accumulated in the animals' livers due to the weight gain. In turn, the rats were less resistant to insulin.“Many people take conjugated linoleic acid as a supplement in hopes of trimming body fat, and it seems to work,” Belury said. ![]() Studying conjugated linoleic acid's effects in two different animal models may help us to better understand any additional effects in humans.“It seems that these mice and rats represent a continuum of possible side effects induced by conjugated linoleic acid,” she continued. We're probably somewhere in between.”The current mouse study appears in a recent issue of the Journal of Lipid Research, while the rat study will appear in an upcoming issue of the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. In a study from 2. Texas woman becomes weight loss sensation after ditching diets, losing 160 pounds with healthy food choices 8/20/2015 6:34:55 PM - Forget fad diets. Original Article. Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet. Iris Shai, R.D., Ph.D., Dan Schwarzfuchs, M.D., Yaakov Henkin, M.D., Danit R. Relora: A Natural Supplement for Weight Loss, Anxiety, Stress, and Insomnia Relora: A Natural Supplement for Weight Loss, Anxiety, Stress, and Insomnia. ![]()
![]() Free Weight Loss Supplement Trials GameBelury found that conjugated linoleic acid supplements lowered body mass and blood sugar levels of diabetics. The study participants took conjugated linoleic acid supplements for two months. Researchers fed two groups of mice different diets. The first group ate a diet containing conjugated linoleic acid for four weeks, followed by four weeks of a diet without conjugated linoleic acid. The second group of animals ate a conjugated linoleic acid- free diet for two weeks followed by two weeks of a diet that included conjugated linoleic acid. During the latter two weeks, some of the mice received daily injections of the anti- diabetes drug rosiglitazone. Rosiglitazone makes the body more sensitive to insulin. Mice serving as controls for both groups did not consume conjugated linoleic acid. The researchers monitored insulin sensitivity in all mice throughout the study. They also monitored levels of adiponectin, a hormone secreted by fat tissue and thought to play a role in insulin resistance.“Adiponectin helps regulate insulin levels,” Belury said. Belury and her colleagues linked this accumulation of fat in the liver to increased insulin resistance. When conjugated linoleic acid was removed from the diet, the animals gained weight but lost fat in the liver. The mice also became less resistant to insulin.“When we took conjugated linoleic acid away, we lost that suppressive effect on body fat, but we were actually able to restore insulin sensitivity,” Belury said. But the group of mice given rosiglitazone injections while on a conjugated linoleic acid- rich diet neither lost weight nor became insulin resistant.“The drug kept adiponectin levels steady during the weeks the mice consumed conjugated linoleic acid,” Belury said. These rats were also less susceptible to conjugated linoleic acid- induced weight loss. All rats ate a high- fat diet for four weeks. For the remaining four weeks of the study, half of the rats ate a low- fat diet supplemented with conjugated linoleic acid, while the rest of the animals ate a low- fat diet without conjugated linoleic acid. ![]() Free Weight Loss Supplement Trials Of Apollo![]() The supplement didn't help the rats lose weight. But it seemed to keep fat from accumulating in the animals' livers, compared to the rats eating the diet without conjugated linoleic acid. Belury pointed out that up to 7. But clinical trials are underway – Belury is currently working with researchers from Ohio State's medical center who are conducting a clinical trial of the effects of conjugated linoleic acid on women with diabetes. Belury conducted the studies with Aparna Purushotham and Angela Wendel, both graduate fellows in human nutrition; and Li- Fen Liu and Gayle Shrode, both graduate research associates in human nutrition. Support for the work was provided by Cognis North America, a manufacturer of synthetic conjugated linoleic acid headquartered in Cincinnati. Support also came from the Carol S. Kennedy research award and the Anita R. Mc. Cormick fellowship. Hoodia Supplement Weight Loss Pill Information by Medicine. Net. com. Medical Author: Melissa Conrad Stoppler, MDMedical Editor: William C. Shiel, Jr, MD, FACP, FACRListen to podcast on Hoodia. The South African desert plant Hoodia gordonii, long. Kalahari bushmen, has begun to attract widespread attention as a weight loss. The only place in the world where Hoodia grows in the. Kalahari desert in southern Africa. The plant has been eaten for. Kalahari bushmen living in the area, reportedly to prevent. A South African laboratory that had been studying. Hoodia plant. termed P5. The South African researchers. British. pharmaceutical company, Phytopharm. Scientists from Phytopharm say that the active ingredient in Hoodia, P5. According to CBS and BBC news reports, Phytopharm has spent millions of. Hoodia and conducted a study of its effects on human. In their study, they report that obese volunteers who took Hoodia. But the pharmaceutical firm Phizer, which had teamed with. Phytopharm and funded much of the research on Hoodia, dropped out of the project. Hoodia plant. Hoodia is grows in extremely hot conditions, and. Until now, the plant has never been. In order to increase its very limited. Phytopharm has established Hoodia plantations in South Africa, which are. The BBC also reported in 2. Because of the relative scarcity of Hoodia, the. Hoodia. Scientists at Phytopharm claim that many firms are. Hoodia to market their own. Phytopharm states that assays of . The study cited by the manufacturers of Hoodia certainly sounds intriguing. The FDA has. warned manufacturers of products claiming to contain Hoodia that its. Likewise, both the. Mayo Clinic and Dr. Andrew Weil have commented that there is of yet no. Hoodia is a safe and effective appetite suppressant. Double- blinded clinical trials are. Hoodia. Even those interested in trying Hoodia. Phytopharm, the only. Hoodia as a weight loss aid, does not yet market the. Phytopharm's Web site states that . For additional information, please visit the Weight Loss. Center. References: . ![]() ![]() Lipolysis, Fat Mobilization, Fatty Acid (beta, alpha, omega) Oxidation, Ketogenesis. Lipolysis and the Oxidation of Fatty Acids. As these molecules are oils they would be. Solubilization. (emulsification) of dietary lipid is accomplished initially via the agitation. Dietary lipids, in the form of triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol, are digested by. The bulk of dietary lipids in the human diet are in the form of triglycerides. The lipases found in the gastrointestinal tract. Ebner glands of the tongue), gastric lipase. Chief cells of the stomach), pancreatic lipase (PNLIP gene), and pancreatic. PNLIPRP2 gene). These enzymes generate free fatty acids and a. Lingual lipase and gastric lipase are both derived from the lipase F, gastric (LIPF) gene and together constitute the acid lipases. The acidic lipases function essentially only in the acidic environment of the stomach. However, evidence suggests that lingual lipase functions within the mouth allowing for the ability to taste non- esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). The acid lipases are distinct from pancreatic lipases in that they do not require a lipid- bile acid interface for activity nor do they require the presence of the protein colipase. ![]() Pancreatic lipases, on the other hand, only function in the neutral p. H environment generated in the small intestine by the secretion of pancreatic bicarbonate (HCO3–). Also, pancreatic lipases require the presence of colipase and a lipid- bile acid interface for their activity. The role of colipase in pancreatic lipase function is to anchor the lipase to the surface of an emulsified lipid droplet and to prevent it from being removed by bile salts. Pancreatic. lipase degrades triglycerides at the sn- 1 and sn- 3 positions sequentially to. DAG) and 2- monoacylglycerides (MAG). Phospholipids are degraded at. A2 releasing a free fatty. Major Lipases of Lipid Digestion and Plasma Lipid Metabolism. Lipase Name. Gene Structure. Primary Source. Functions / Comments. CEL. 9q. 34. 3; 1. LAL. 1. 0q. 23. 2–q. RNAs encode two distinct protein isoforms (3. HSPG) on surface of heptocytes and endothelial cells; released to plasma via interactions involving apo. A- II- enriched HDLs. HSL. 1. 9q. 13. 2; 1. The triglycerides are then solubilized in. A chylomicron contains lipid droplets surrounded by. Triglycerides. synthesized in the liver are packaged into VLDLs and released into the blood. Chylomicrons from the intestine are first released into the lymphatic system and then into the blood at the left subclavian vein for delivery to the various tissues for storage or production. There are exceptions to the packaging of dietary lipids into chylomicrons within the intestinal enterocytes. The exceptions are short- chain (less than 6 carbon atoms) and medium- chain (6 to 1. Although the bulk of dietary fatty acids are long- chain (1. LCT) some triglycerides contain medium- chain fatty acids (abbreviated MCT). When MCT are hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipases the released fatty acids easily diffuse into the intestinal enterocytes and are passed directly to the portal circulation, bypassing the lymphatic system. ![]() ![]() Most, if not all, of the short- chain fatty acids that are absorbed from the intestines are produced through the action of gut microbiota (bacteria) metabolism of soluble and insoluble fiber in the diet and these fats also directly enter the blood from the intestinal enterocytes. The triglyceride components of VLDLs and. LPL). and hepatic triglyceride lipase . The free fatty acids are then absorbed by. The glycerol can then be converted to the glycolytic intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate DHAP or phosphorylated. The classification of blood lipids is distinguished. As lipid is less dense. Fatty acids from the diet are. Fatty acids are. stored in the form of triglycerides (triacylglycerides: TAGs or TGs) within all cell but predominantly within. The release of metabolic energy, in the form of fatty. The primary intracellular lipases are. ATGL, also called desnutrin), hormone- sensitive lipase (HSL). A (LIPA; also called lysosomal acid lipase, LAL). LIPA is the most important lipase involved in. ![]() LIPA deficiency results in the significant. LIPA deficiency is. Wolman disease or cholesterol ester storage disease. The primary sources of fatty acids for oxidation are dietary and mobilization from cellular stores. Fatty acids from the diet are absorbed from the gut, packaged into. Obesity and Alcohol Abuse The Dangers of Alcohol Abuse. Those individuals who consume an excessive amount of alcohol can cause a great deal of damage to their mental. Metabolism (from Greek: Metabolic Actions of Insulin and Glucagon: Fatty acid uptake and release in fat. Insulin: Stimulates synthesis of triglycerides (TG) from free fatty acids. Adipose triglyceride lipase: ATGLATGL/desnutrin belongs to the family of patatin domain- containing proteins that consists of. The patatin domain was originally discovered in lipid hydrolases of certain. Because some members of the family act as phospholipases. A1 to A9 (PNPLA1–PNPLA9). ![]() ATGL (designated PNPLA2 in the patatin domain nomenclature). The human ATGL gene (official gene symbol. ![]() PNPLA2) is located on chromosome 1. In analogy with patatin, the active site of ATGL contains. 11.1 Blood-brain Barrier Maintains the Constancy of the Brain's Internal Environment. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the neural tissue from variations in. The inflammasomes are innate immune system receptors and sensors that regulate the activation of caspase-1 and induce inflammation in response to infectious microbes. ![]() This topic has 20 study abstracts on Dietary Modification: Low Carbohydrate/Ketogenic indicating that it may have therapeutic value in the treatment of Epilepsy. WebMD provides information on popular vitamins and supplements including side effects, drug interactions, user ratings and reviews, medication over dose, warnings. Ser. 47 and Asp. 16. N- terminal half of the enzyme. Expression of ATGL is induced by peroxisome. PPAR) agonists, glucocorticoids, and fasting. In addition, activation of Fox. O1. by SIRT1- mediated deacetylation activates lipolysis by increasing ATGL expression. Conversely, silencing of. SIRT1 has the opposite effect. Increased insulin release and food intake both result in decreased expression of ATGL. Similarly, the use of. Unlike phosphorylation of. HSL (described below), ATGL phosphorylation is not PKA- dependent. In the mouse, it has been shown that. AMPK phosphorylates ATGL resulting in increased lipase activity. This coactivator gene was originally identifed as comparative gene identification- 5. CGI- 5. 8. The term comparative gene identification. CGI- 5. 8. was originally discovered in a screen comparing the proteomes of humans and C. The official nomenclature. CGI- 5. 8 is . It is unlikely that the. ABHD5 protein possesses hydrolase activity because. In addition to functioning as an ATGL coactivator. ABHD5 has also been shown to. Co. A- dependent acylglycerol- 3- phosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT). The physiological significance. Additional proteins associated with lipid droplets (LD) in adipocytes participate in the. ATGL. In resting adipocytes of both WAT and BAT, the LD protein perilipin- 1 interacts with. ATGL. This demonstrates that . This model of ATGL. Each of these mutant ATGL proteins fails to bind. Hormone- mediated regulation of adipocyte lipolysis. Epinephrine (as well as norepinephrine) and glucagon stimulate fatty acid release from triglycerides. Epinephrine and glucagon binding. AC) and subsequently. PKA. Activated PKA phosphorylates both perilipin- 1 and HSL. The activity of PKA is, to some extent. The phosphorylation of. ATGL co- activator, ABHD5 (also known as CGI- 5. HSL then hydrolyzes DAG to a free fatty. FFA) and MAG. Free fatty acids are transported. P2: also known as FABP4). The glycerol released through the action of monoacylglycerol. MGL) is transported across the plasma membrane via the action of aquaporin 7, AQP7. There are three members of the PKB/AKT family of serine/threonine kinases identified as AKT1 (PKB, also PKB. In non- adipose tissues with high rates of triglyceride hydrolysis, such as skeletal muscle and liver. ATGL activity occurs via a mechanism distinct from that in adipose tissues. During fasting, perilipin- 5 recruits. ATGL and ABHD5 to LDs by direct binding of the enzyme and its coactivator. Data indicates that. LDs with mitochondria and thereby inhibits ATGL- mediated. Other perilipins exist in cells including perilipin- 2, - 3, and - 4 but it is. ATGL with LDs. This peptide was originally identifed as being involved in the regulation. G0 to G1 transition of the cell cycle. The protein is found in. In adipose tissue G0. S2. expression is very low during fasting but increases after feeding. Conversely, fasting or PPAR. The protein has been shown to localize to LDs, cytoplasm, ER, and mitochondria. With respect to ATGL regulation, the binding. LDs and subsequent is dependent on a physical interaction between the N- terminal. G0. S2 and the patatin domain of ATGL. The delivery of ATGL to LDs requires functional vesicular transport. When essential protein components of. ADP- ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1). GTP- binding protein 1 (SAR1), the guanine- nucleotide exchange factor Golgi- Brefeldin A resistance factor (GBF1). I (COPI) and COPII, ATGL translocation to LDs is. ER. Hormone- sensitive lipase: HSLA landmark study published in 1. This work described the isolation and. HSL and monoacylglyceride lipase (MGL). This original. study demonstrated that HSL had a higher level of activity as a diglyceride hydrolase. However, when HSL- deficient mice were produced and shown to. ATGL, and not HSL. HSL- deficient mice do not accumulate. This indicated for the first time that HSL was. It is now accepted that ATGL is responsible. HSL is rate- limiting. HSL not only hydrolyzes diglycerides but is also active at hydrolyzing. MGs, cholesteryl esters, retinyl esters. The HSL gene (official symbol: LIPE for lipase E, hormone sensitive) is located on chromosome 1. Alternative exon usage results in. RNA and protein size. In adipose tissue the HSL protein. The expression profile of HSL, within adipocytes, essentially mirrors that of ATGL. Highest m. RNA and protein. WAT and BAT with low levels of expression found in muscle. Hormone- sensitive lipase hydrolyzes fatty acids from diacylglycerols that result from the action of ATGL/desnutrin. In adipose tissue, HSL enzyme activity is strongly induced by. Additional kinases. AMPK, extracellular signal- regulated kinase (ERK), glycogen synthase kinase- 4 (GSK- 4), and Ca. CAMK1). also phosphorylate HSL to modulate the activity of the enzyme. HSL has at least five. S6. 60 and S6. 63 appear to be particularly important for hydrolytic. Enzyme phosphorylation affects enzyme activity only moderately resulting in. For full activation, HSL must gain access. LDs, which, in adipose tissue, is mediated by perilipin- 1. In addition to phosphorylating. HSL, PKA also phosphorylates perilipin- 1 on six consensus serine residues. The result of these. HSL to the N- terminal region of perilipin- 1. The net effect. of HSL- phosphorylation and enzyme translocation to LDs, coupled with ATGL activation by. LD5. 0 6. 25 mg/kg. BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLDActa Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. LD5. 0 1. 32. 0 mg/kg. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series. LD5. 0 1. 64. 0 mg/kg. Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. LD5. 0 1. 37. 0 mg/kg. LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA. BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT. BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. LD5. 0 1. 90. 0 mg/kg. LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA. BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT. BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. LDLo 1. 32. 0 mg/kg. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series. LD5. 0 3. 50. 0 mg/kg. Defense des Vegetaux. LD5. 0 1. 51. 0 mg/kg. BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY). BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT. LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEAGigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. Taking an e.p.t. Pregnancy test too soon often causes false-negative results. Although the boxes of e.p.t. Pregnancy tests tout the.![]() A pregnancy test may let you know, one way or the other, if you are pregnant. Here are answers to some of the most common questions about pregnancy tests. Faint Line on Pregnancy Test Pregnancy tests are usually easy to interpret, but sometimes the results are unexpected or are not quite as clear as you'd like. More than a few women have been frustrated by pale marks or a faint line on a pregnancy test. So what does it mean? However, sometimes you will get a faint line or symbol as your final result. Qualitative hCG. This can happen because you didn't follow the directions exactly, used a defective test, or tested too early. Whatever the reason, you'll need to try again with a fresh test. Each test is different, but typically the steps are the same. When taking a test, make sure you expose the test stick or strip to your urine for the right amount of time and that the correct area is saturated. If you see a faint . It's also possible that you used too much urine or got the wrong part of the test wet. Another reason that a faint pregnancy line may appear is that you waited too long to check the results. Most tests tell you to look for results within a few minutes. If you wait too long, the test can dry out and an . ![]() ![]() This might look like a faint positive, but it's really just the result of the urine evaporating and leaving a residue behind. This could be a manufacturer's error, resulting in a defective product. The test could also be expired, which can affect it's ability to detect h. CG in urine. Early in a pregnancy, from conception until about a week after you miss your period, h. CG concentrations might be too low for the test to register at all. Or, there might be just enough h. CG to cause a slight reaction, leading to a faint line on the pregnancy test. Previous HCG Drops Review (Updated June 6, 2014): What You Should Know about HCG Drops HCG Drop is a homeopathic approach to weight loss that makes use of the HCG. Positive pregnancy tests don’t always indicate that conception has occurred. In some instances, false positives occur completely unrelated to. Great interview. Can you please advise if the p3 program has enough options for a vegetarian (fish ok, shellfish not) to follow? I am on my first round and want. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcG) is hormone produced initially by an embryo. A hcG test is used to detect a rise in the hcG level. ![]() ![]() The h. CG will be more concentrated in your urine then. Also, don't test your urine soon after you've had a big cup of coffee or any other drink. Drinking a lot can dilute your urine, making it harder to detect h. CG. Some tests can detect h. CG at a lower concentration than others. Some require a concentration of only 1. ![]() IU, while others require as much as 1. IU. Then try testing again in a few days. Assuming you followed the test's directions regarding when to use it, the easiest answer is to wait a few days and repeat the test. If it's positive, your pregnancy was probably too new to give a strong result the first time. If it's negative, you probably aren't pregnant. It's a good idea to check with a doctor if you're not pregnant and not getting periods, because this can be a sign of a medical problem. Success Stories - Defense Nutrition. My Warrior Diet Journey. I was 1. 85 and active in college, but had gained 2. I was in a relationship that ended in the spring and decided that I needed to find a way to get my mind and body healthy again. It was a special month for my spirituality and I had decided to try fasting, but I wanted to be able to workout and somehow build muscle while also fasting for this month as summer was around the corner and I was now single and needed the confidence to “mingle” lol. ![]() I searched online and found Ori Hofmekler’s “Warrior Diet” and decided to try it, but as a vegetarian and within the first week I had lost 1. My biggest challenges were giving up the complex carbs i. Anytime I had a craving for sweets, I would eat an apple, pineapple, or grapefruit. I tried to stay away from eating anything during the day and only drinking water, but sometimes enjoyed a half grapefruit or some nuts i. Seeing the extremely fast results was enough to keep me motivated to stick with the diet. I started working out about 2. I would work out about 5 days/week and would try to run 1 mile prior to lifting weights each day that I exercised(some days were only half mile). After 9. 0days, I had lost 6. I noticed my ability to deal with everyday stress had increased tenfold and although I had lost so much weight, I had acquired solid muscle in the process and made tremendous gains in the gym. I am currently working on increasing my caloric intake to build more muscle and gain just a little weight, but I am sold on the warrior diet as my healthy eating lifestyle! Thanks for the amazing transformation Ori! Rodney Phillips. Greetings from Cape Town, South Africa! I would just like to thank Ori for writing the Warrior Diet- book. I am a very active person myself and have read my share of nutrition books over the years, but the Warrior Diet is the only “diet” (if I may use the word “diet”, I prefer the word “lifestyle”) that I believe I can sustain for life. During the “undereating” phase I like to have 1- 2 cups of coffee or tea before my morning cardio workout, one apple around mid- morning, 2 hard- boiled eggs for lunch, one handful of nuts in the late afternoon- hours and then, after my evening strength- workout, I like to top off my day with a big, satisfying dinner with a nice glass of milk before bed. This is how I practice the Warrior Diet on a daily basis and it has become a lifestyle for me. ![]() I have already lost 1. Warrior Diet and I am well on my way to get a six- pack again (at 3. I truly believe that the Warrior Diet is THE BEST book on nutrition ever written. THANK YOU, Ori, for writing such a wonderful book! I’m actually slimmer now than the picture on the right in this photo. People ask me how I lost so much; the answer is knowledge. Life, fitness, business et al. It’s a combination of people and their training methods, ideals etc. In Teil I habe ich Ihnen bereits erklärt, dass die gängigen Methoden in der Trainingswelt hinterfragt werden sollten. Dazu zählen nämlich nur die Intensitäts-. ![]() This alone has helped my cognitive abilities, emotional state, fitness, and fat loss. Rohitha Perera. My Warrior Diet Journey. I was 1. 85 and active in college, but had gained 2. I was in a relationship that ended in the spring and decided that I needed to find a way to get my mind and body healthy again. It was a special month for my spirituality and I had decided to try fasting, but I wanted to be able to workout and somehow build muscle while also fasting for this month as summer was around the corner and I was now single and needed the confidence to “mingle” lol. I searched online and found Ori Hofmekler’s “Warrior Diet” and decided to try it, but as a vegetarian and within the first week I had lost 1. My biggest challenges were giving up the complex carbs i. Anytime I had a craving for sweets, I would eat an apple, pineapple, or grapefruit. I tried to stay away from eating anything during the day and only drinking water, but sometimes enjoyed a half grapefruit or some nuts i. Seeing the extremely fast results was enough to keep me motivated to stick with the diet. I started working out about 2. I would work out about 5 days/week and would try to run 1 mile prior to lifting weights each day that I exercised(some days were only half mile). After 9. 0days, I had lost 6. I noticed my ability to deal with everyday stress had increased tenfold and although I had lost so much weight, I had acquired solid muscle in the process and made tremendous gains in the gym. ![]() I am currently working on increasing my caloric intake to build more muscle and gain just a little weight, but I am sold on the warrior diet as my healthy eating lifestyle! Thanks for the amazing transformation Ori! Rodney Phillips. 14. Anything is possible when you decide what you want. A very wise man once told me, people do what they want to do, and not what they don’t want to do. It’s just that simple. To Ori Hofmekler, your book saved my life! To Cynthia Holdren, for all your support, for believing in me and more importantly, believing in yourself! To my many family & friends along the way that noticed a difference and offered your encouraging words! I wouldn’t change not one day, that brought me here! I’m 5. 5 yes old and resident in Boonton Twp, N. J. My wife is Jean Walker and is the same age. Ori speaks about freedom. That’s what this diet is precisely. I’m free of not going to lunch everyday with the herd. Free of calorie counting. Free of falling asleep or really wanting to at around 2pm while at work. Free of eating whatever I want at night. Free of a allergies since I can’t remember when. Free of snoring. Besides my co workers and family in awe of my body transformation, they want to know where I’m getting my energy and warrior like focus on all things. Total life changer. I’ve got to be one of your biggest advocates in Jersey. I don’t preach but when asked about how I lost the weight, will go on and on about the the many benefits of this diet. A thousand times thank you for your guidance. The James Beard Foundation Awards are annual awards presented by the James Beard Foundation for excellence in cuisine, culinary writing, and culinary education in the. In finance, an exchange rate (also known as a foreign-exchange rate, forex rate, ER, FX rate or Agio) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be. In the spring of 2010 I started experimenting with the Warrior Diet by Ori Hofmekler and it forever changed the way I approach nutrition. Without that diet, and. Including stations 106.7 FM The Fan, WNEW All News 99.1 FM and CBS Sports Radio 1580 AM.Mike Walker. Omar Diaz. It’s been 4 weeks since I’ve been practicing the Warrior Diet, CFT and Warrior workout. I’m glad to report a weight loss of 2. I’m feeling healthier, more focused and clearer in my mentality. This is the second time I’ve had such dramatic results with the diet and workout regimen! I have to say I owe Ori my health and happiness, I love the workout program I love the Warrior Diet lifestyles and I can never express enough my gratitude for the wealth of knowledge and inspiration your words and philosophy have given me. Thank you very much Ori for keeping the Warrior Diet alive for all these years, I hope the legacy of the Warrior Diet and Defense Nutrition will continue to inspire and change the lives and health of others. Thank you from the bottom of heart. Aron Noble. Hi there, just want to thank ori for the warrior diet! I have used the diet principles of The Warrior Diet for the last 6 years. ![]() In that time I have won 3 New Zealand national athletic bodybuilding titles and placed second in the nabba wff Southern Hemisphere bodybuilding champs. It has given me complete control of my weight. I have weighed as much as 9. Thanks again! Ori Hofmekler is the absolute Master of the the hybrid, glycolytic/oxidative pathway. His work in sustained- strength protocols is nothing short of revoutionary and one would hope that his unique approach, exemplified by the savage training ethic he demonstrates in this video, would gain the widespread traction it deserves. They say a picture is worth a thousand words and this video reinforces the validity of that ancient cliche. Marty Gallagher. Former Champion Olympic Powerlifting Team Coach. Hi My name is Sandro I absolutely love your website And your products Including your books. I am so much into control fatigue training . It’s completely transformed my physical performance . But I want to do more I want to be more advanced I want to learn more from your website the only website and information that I can trust right now. Your type of exercise and nutrition matches science and history. That’s why I follow your website and buy your supplements. Sandro Ori’s Warrior Diet principles are some of the most cutting edge and useful strategies I am aware of for rejuvenating your muscles and your brain. Ori’s unique perspective and keen insights on integrating nutrition and fitness will catalyze your ability to optimize your health. I have personally used it with great success to rapidly increase my lean body mass, and I consider it a crucial component to successfully achieving your ideal weight. Dr. Mercola Founder of Mercola. Fantastic for diabetics. Iam diabetic and have problems with everything increasing my blood sugar including protein. I ran two fasting test to see what the Warrior Whey would do to my blood sugar. One test showed no change checking sugar 4 times over two hours. The second test only increased 4 points over two hours. For comparison I used skinless chicken breast with the same amount of protein and my sugars went up 6. I actually purchased this product for my wife as see is dealing with severe mercury poisioning. We are trying in increase her glutathione but if something doesn’t taste great she won’t take it. She loves this product and takes it everyday. I would highly recommend this product for anyone but especially for diabetics. Craig. Thank You for sharing your lifestyle, which I’m sure is the result of years of your own experimental design, does absolutely no justice to how grateful I am. I’m often advised to work on not being so extreme. But that’s just not who I am. I have always been a . In reading The Warrior Diet, I took license to stop beating myself up for not being ! I will be starving & feel like crap. I actually put it off few days, dreading it. I had been battling serious fatigue & my body was gaining weight quickly, especially in tummy, hips & thighs. First day!!! I took the supplements & ate my grapefruit. I was shocked that my stomach didn’t start hurting from all the pills on an empty stomach. Then in a very short while I began to feel energized! I feel great all day. |
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